Vaping and public health: Trends, risks, and regulatory challenges in the digital era

Abstract

Vaping has rapidly become a global public health concern, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Initially promoted as a smoking alternative, its widespread adoption is driven by digital marketing, flavored high-nicotine products, and social media influence. Evidence links vaping to nicotine addiction, respiratory and cardiovascular risks, and long-term health concerns. While regulations vary globally, gaps in digital advertising oversight and disposable e-cigarette policies contribute to rising youth consumption. This paper examines vaping trends, health risks, and regulatory challenges, emphasizing the role of mathematical and epidemiological models in understanding its impact and informing policy interventions.