Challenges to realize the gender dividend: Analysis of the time use patterns in Costa Rica

Abstract

The gender dividend is considered a potential opportunity for economic growth that comes from an increase in women’s labor force participation. Previous studies conclude that if nonmarket production is included; the gender dividend would be higher. However, considering that the domestic production has a low economic value in the market, most of the opportunities of the gender dividend come from a higher female labor force participation. Furthermore, nonmarket production might be considered a barrier that women face to increase their participation in the work force. This article analyze the time use patterns of nonmarket production and consumption of the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica using the National Time Transfer Account methodology. The article also disaggregates the main activities of non-remunerated production by working status. In addition, a potential unmet demand for childcare is estimated.